G20要来了，英语学习不要停，先从“G20的诞生”开始吧

这是从空中俯瞰杭州最文艺的稻田——由浙江大学水稻专家张彬领衔的科研团队用自主研发的五彩水稻秧苗培育成的一个宽逾百米的G20峰会 LOGO和巨大的卡通笑脸图。据说，从现在起到9月峰会召开的时候，是水稻叶片颜色最鲜艳的时候，也是艺术田的最佳观赏期。

　　没错，奥运会之后，G20就要来了。今年可是二十国集团领导人峰会第一次在中国举办喔！外面的世界那么乱，真的需要这些大国的当家人坐在一起好好商量商量未来的路该怎么走。

　　G20的诞生

　　Birth of the G20

　　近代国际金融治理体系的建立、发展、变迁的脉络，无时无刻不与危机应对、风险防范、体系改革紧密相关。

　　The historical vein of the establishment, development and reform of the modern international financial system runs at all times in close vicinity to crisis response and reaction, risk prevention and system reforms.

　　自20世纪以来，尤其是1929-1933年国际经济危机以后，危机倒逼改革、改革重塑体系的趋势与规律变得越来越明显。

　　Since the start of the 20th century, especially after the 1929~1933 Great Depression, it has become an increasingly salient trend and prominent rule for crises to create reverse-pressure for reform and, in turn, for reform to create reverse-pressure for systemic reformation.

　　G20领导人峰会机制就是在金本位体系、布雷顿森林体系、G7领导机制之后出现，并因2008年国际金融危机而产生的国际金融治理新机制。

　　The G20 Summit is a novel mechanism for international financial governance that follows the Gold Standard System, the Bretton Woods System, and the G7 Summit as a response to the 2008 international financial crisis.

　　“二战”后的国际经济体系发端于1944年的布雷顿森林会议，这次会议需要解决的问题是如何为战后世界建立一个能够保持国际汇率稳定、实现货币可兑换并且满足多边贸易支付要求的国际货币体系。

　　The post-WWII international economic system originated at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. The problem to be solved at this conference was how to establish an international monetary system for the post-war world that would maintain the stability of foreign exchange rates, realize currency convertibility, and provide for payment needs in multilateral trades.

　　这次会议的结果是建立了以美元作为单一世界货币的“布雷顿森林体系”。

　　The result of this conference was establishment of the Bretton Woods System that used the US dollar as the single world reserve currency.

　　这一体系的要点包括：以黄金锚定美元，以美元锚定其他货币，以此来安排各国货币与黄金的关系、固定汇率以及可兑换性等关系问题。

　　Highlights of the system included anchoring the US dollar to gold, and then anchoring other currencies to the US dollar - thus, setting the relationships between all currencies and gold and solving the problems of fixed foreign exchange rate and currency convertibility.

　　会议成果是建立了两大国际金融机构—IMF和世界银行，为各国提供用于维持国际收支平衡的短期贷款和用于发展的长期贷款。

　　The conference resulted in two major international financial institutions – the IMF and the World Bank – to provide short-term loans for bridging any temporary imbalance of international payments and long-term loans for development.

　　这一体系从形式上回答了“怎样建立一个全球性的货币运行机制”问题，并且在建立之后的一些年解决了不少现实问题，从而成为战后全球经济体系的“底层架构”。

　　The system answered, through its form, the question of “how to set up a global monetary management mechanism.” During the years following its establishment, the system solved many practical problems, and, therefore, became the “foundational framework” of the post-war global economic system.

　　但是，这一体系存在着先天不足，即以一个国家的主权货币作为世界货币使用，必然存在发行国利益与全球共同利益的关系问题，并且金本位制也面临现实中黄金数量的制约。

　　However, there was a pre-existing deficiency in the system, which was using the currency of a sovereign country as the world reserve currency. This would inevitably lead to a conflict of interests between the issuer country and the global community as a whole. Additionally, the Gold Standard would also be limited by the amount of real gold available.

　　随着时间推移和多次危机的发生，布雷顿森林体系与战后全球经济现实需求之间的距离日益扩大。

　　As time passed and multiple crises occurred, the Bretton Woods System diverged farther and farther away from the practical needs of the global economy.

　　到了1973年春，美国由于无力支撑黄金与美元之间的固定比价，宣布关闭了黄金兑换窗口，国际货币体系出现动荡。

　　By the spring of 1973, the US had declared the closing of the gold window due to inability to support the fixed rate between gold and the dollar, causing turbulence within the international monetary system.

　　而就在这一年10月，发生了第四次中东战争，中东国家宣布对西方实行石油禁运，1973-1974年西方世界出现了“二战”后最严重的经济衰退，通胀加剧，失业剧增，贸易保护主义抬头，西方主要大国领导人急于寻找平息危机的出路。

　　It was in October of 1973 when the Fourth Middle East War (also called 1973 Arab-Israeli War in the West) began. Countries in the Middle East proclaimed an oil embargo against the West. Between 1973 and 1974, the Western world saw the most serious economic recession since WWII, with aggravated inflation, a sharp rise in unemployment, and surging trade protectionism. Leaders of the major Western countries rushed to find a way to contain the crisis.

　　1975年11月，法国巴黎召开了有六国（美国、日本、英国、德国、法国、意大利）首脑参加的峰会，1976年，加拿大也加入了这一峰会机制，形成了G7机制。在G7占据全球经济总量八成以上的历史时期，G7峰会是多国之间协调宏观经济、货币金融等方面政策最重要的机制。

　　In November of 1975, a summit meeting was held in Paris, France, attended by the heads of states or governments from six countries (the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Italy). In 1976, Canada joined the summit and thus the G7 mechanism took form. During the period in history when the G7 countries represented more than 80 percent of the gross world product, the G7 summit functioned as an important mechanism for multilateral coordination of macro-economic, monetary and financial policies.

　　不过，G7只是西方国家之间的机制，随着发展中国家和新兴市场的崛起，世界对一个覆盖面更广、代表性更强的全球经济治理机制的需求日益迫切。

　　However, the G7 mechanism represented only the Western countries. With the ascent of developing countries and emerging markets, there was an increasingly urgent need for a global economic governance mechanism that covered a wider geographical area and was more representative.

　　2008年金融危机的爆发，冲击了所有西方国家，迫使西方不得不寻求发展中国家和新兴市场国家的支持以应对危机。

　　The financial crisis that erupted in 2008 was a major blow to all Western countries, forcing them to seek support from developing countries and the emerging market countries to handle crisis.

　　2008年11月，首次G20首脑峰会召开，标志着当今世界首要经济和金融治理论坛的诞生。2016年，G20的主办国由中国担任，这将开创中国领衔全球治理议程的新历史。
 

In November of 2008, the first G20 summit meeting took place, marking the birth of the premier forum for economic and financial governance in today’s world. In 2016, China will be the hosing country of the G20 Summit, ushering in a new period of history when China is to lead in the setting of the global governance agenda.

 历史脉络        historical vein

　　基本框架        foundational framework

　　管理机制        management mechanism

　　通货膨胀        inflation